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Bank of Finland Bulletin - Articles on the economy from the Bank of Finland

Bank of Finland Bulletin - Articles on the economy from the Bank of Finland

Miki Kuusinen

Adviser

Miki Kuusinen works as an Adviser in the Payments Systems Department.

banking, fintech, central bank digital currency (CBDC), virtual assets, emerging technologies

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Analysis Published on 13.06.2025
- Money and payments
What should be done to improve the autonomy of European retail payments?

Europe needs its own means of retail payment and more competition. Whereas domestic payment solutions have emerged in Europe, in Finland payment is almost entirely dependent on international card payments.